Note: This universal citation is not necessarily the official citation, the latter should be used when citing primary and secondary legal documents in court records, scientific publications, etc. Please see the sources below for more information. The Blue Book: A Uniform Citation System is the guide for generations of law students, lawyers, scientists, judges and other jurists. In a diverse and rapidly evolving legal profession, the Blue Book continues to provide a systematic method by which professionals provide each other with important information about the legal sources and authorities on which they rely in their work. Order the 21st edition today! This quote is very similar to that of the Court`s opinion. The two main differences are the quote from the pin, page 527 here, and the addition of the names of the dissenting judges in parentheses after the date of the case. A: This is the universal quote that is sometimes referred to as the «media neutral» or «vendor neutral» quote. In general, creating a citation to a legal source allows the reader to find it more efficiently. The quote we provide here is media neutral and does not depend on whether it appears in a print edition of a book.
Quotations in parentheses and narrative quotations in the text are formatted as with any other source (first element of the reference list entry, year), although, unlike other sources, court decisions and cases use italics for the title in the citation in the text. For example (Brown v. Board of Education, 1954). Most legal documents are cited in the Bluebook style, the standard citation style used in all disciplines (see The Bluebook Style in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 2015). APA refers to the Bluebook style for legal documents and uses these templates and templates in bibliographies. This resource lists some of the most common legal references that APA users may need in their work, but it is not exhaustive. Please note that legal conventions outside the United States may differ. Some countries have a de facto citation standard that has been adopted by most institutions in the country. A number of U.S.
states have adopted individual standards for quotations in the public domain. [10] You don`t need to create a citation for entire federal or state constitutions. Just refer to them by name in the text. When citing specific articles and edits, create reference list entries and in-text citations as usual. The U.S. Constitution should be attached in reference lists and square brackets to U.S. Const. be abbreviated. Use legal abbreviations for state constitutions, such as In. Const. for the Constitution of Indiana. In the story, spell these place names: United States, United States, Indiana.
Follow the numbering pattern of the Constitution (Roman for articles and amendments of the United States Constitution and for articles of the State Constitution, but Arabic for State Amendments). This quote gives the reader useful information about the cited authority. Full access to The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the guide to legal citations that lawyers have trusted since 1926. Redesigned on an accessible platform and optimized for mobile to support quick and easy searches, the new Bluebook Online is packed with new customization features to meet your needs. The quotations in the text are formatted in the same way as the above court decisions (name of law, year). Years can be confusing, as laws are often passed in a different year than the year in which they are published; You should always use the year in which the law was published in the compilation you are reviewing. Citation (in law, this means the scope and page in journalists or books, in which case decisions are published) Legal citation is the practice of naming and referring to authoritative documents and sources. The most frequently cited sources of authority are court decisions (cases), laws, ordinances, government documents, contracts and scientific writings. As a general rule, an appropriate legal citation informs the reader of the authority of a source, the extent to which the source supports the author`s proposal, his or her age, and other relevant information. This is an example of a quote from a U.S. Supreme Court case: Try the Bluebook Online today and simplify your citation process! This quote is based on the second edition of the American Association of Law Libraries «Universal Citation Guide». These documents include rules, regulations, orders in council and notices.
Their in-text citation templates follow typical APA templates: (first item of the reference list entry, year) without italics. Consistent and divergent opinions are also published together with the Court`s opinion. For example, to quote the opinion in which Justices Stewart and Black disagree, the quote would look like this: Of course, legal citation in general and case citation in particular can become much more complicated. Identifying the right citation format is easier than ever with the new smart search bar. During a court case, a «legal citation analysis» – that is, the use of citation analysis techniques to analyze legal documents – facilitates a better understanding of interconnected regulatory compliance documents by examining citations that link provisions to other provisions of the same document or between different documents. Legal citation analysis involves the use of a citation graphic from a regulatory document that could complement e-discovery – a process that leverages technological innovations in big data analytics. [1] [2] [3] [4] Main path analysis, a method that tracks important citation strings in a citation table, can be used to track changes in opinion over the years for a right target area. [5] Other legislative documents such as testimony, hearings, bills that are not statutes and related documents may also be cited. Your reference list templates (below) may contain a URL if it is available, but the URL is optional. The quotations in the text follow the same patterns as court decisions and cases. Statutes are laws and laws adopted by legislative bodies.
Federal laws can be found in the United States Code, abbreviated U.S.C., where they are divided into sections called titles that cover various topics. New laws are included in the title to which they belong most. State laws are published in a separate publication specific to each country. The elements of an entry in the Directory of Laws are as follows, in order: FR stands here for the Federal Register. Other elements follow the codified federal regulatory model explained above. Pin rules for quick and easy access, and share your Pins and notes with others in your organization. Compare rules on different pages on a single screen. There is no need to open multiple tabs. Here is an example of a reference to a court decision: HR and S here represent the House of Representatives and the Senate and must be used depending on the source of the bill or resolution. CFR stands for Code of Federal Regulations.
«Volume #» should be replaced by the number and ### is the section number. ### Here is the change number. If the amendment request has been revoked, the reference reference (cancelled year) is added. Navigate to the table of contents on the left or search as you type. Switch from Bluepages to Whitepages with just one click. Note: And seq is a Latin abbreviation that indicates that the section number is the first in a series of a few articles that codify this law. should be replaced by the order in council number and the page should be replaced by the page number. All decrees are published in Title 3 of the CFR above, so 3 always precedes C.F.R. when quoted. This template follows this list of items at the beginning of this section in its entirety, as the quoted reporter, the Federal Reporter, publishes the decisions of various U.S. district courts.
F., F.2d and F.3d in the above model refer to the journalist and his later series. Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (Online Ed. 2010) – Peter W. Martin The above bill concerns the Senate and can be amended for the House of Representatives by replacing S. with H.R. at the beginning. Res.### represents the resolution number, written Res. 111, and volume # represents the volume of the Congressional Record, written 122 («tape» is omitted). Cong. stands here for the congress that hears the testimony and usually appears as something like 110th cong. The Blue Book – Ed. Note: Subscription Required Court Jurisdiction, in parentheses (e.g., U.S.
Supreme Court, Illinois Court of Appeals) Similar to the Circuit Court submission, the U.S. District Court submission contains all the elements, and the journalist`s name refers to the federal supplements, in which all U.S. District Court decisions are published. ### Here is an article number, and x is a section number. Experienced Bluebookers will immediately feel at home. Seamlessly switch between print and online versions, with identical numbering and content for rules and tables, all enhanced for an ideal browsing experience. ## Here are the article and paragraph numbers. The paragraph element may be omitted if you cite the entire article. Let`s go? The Bluebook is now optimized for mobile devices to answer your questions in the fastest and most efficient way. Again, S. and H.R.
for the Senate and House of Representatives and should be used according to the source of the report. Replace ###-### with the report number. The publication date of the compilation that you used to find the law, in parentheses, cases and court decisions usually contain the following elements: State court decisions closely follow the above patterns, but since there are different rapporteurs who publish their decisions, this element of the model varies and is represented here by the word «rapporteur». You should check the Bluebook for state laws, as some states use chapter or article numbers instead of sections. The Bluebook also contains all the necessary abbreviations and symbols.
